Wind turbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wind turbine - Essay Example As per the United States of America’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), a little wind turbine is a sort of turbine that is littler than 1,000 kilowatts. They additionally have air link cutting edges, vanes, current generators and lifetime bearing. It is, obviously, my correct decision for the best turbine since it is less expensive and can be successfully utilized in places with brutal climate conditions(Dan F. and B. Dan, 2008). This makes it reasonable as a vitality source in places like telecom towers, rustic schools and centers, seaward stages, amazing private and remote checking regions where there is no dependable electric lattice inclusion. This makes it as the best elective wellspring of intensity in such places. Plan For this sort of turbine to viably and adequately play out its obligations, it ought to be all around structured and introduced. This implies the important engineering strategies and materials ought to be set up. Thus, a decent one ought to have a streamlined model to help in deciding the most extreme tallness of the pinnacle and control the number and states of the sharp edges utilized. An appropriate establishment is basic for it to perform well. Which means, they can either be mounted on a pinnacle or a structure as tall as 30 feet. This will assist it with being over any obstruction that can go about as a boundary in their smooth activities.

In What Ways Did the Polices of Mao’s Bring Change to China in the Years 1952-1969 Essay

During the initial multi year plan, the change was fruitful for China’s industry and horticulture. For China’s agribusiness, it was improved by urging littler co-agents to combine to frame a bigger co-usable, they pooled their territory together to make greater and progressively effective ranches. With the goal that overwhelming industry (street and railroad development, steel creation, and so on) in China would be modernized, and that it might likewise increment horticultural creation. Which lead to extension in both farming and industry. In industry, the Plan offered need to the development of substantial industry, all the more particularly steel, coal and apparatus, and prompted the setting up of numerous creation plants, particularly in the focal point of China. This brought about incredible development in overwhelming industry yet prompted the disregard of lighter, buyer ventures, for example, cotton-production and food handling. Another occasion that occurred was the Great Leap Forward, the change wasn’t as effective as the First Five Year Plan. The same number of individuals passed on from starvation and the starvation during the time. The Great Leap Forward was a debacle. More than 30 million individuals passed on as a result of it and there were social and ecological harms done that will never fix. Mao never drew near to the objectives which he had set despite the fact that he managed to get an expansion in iron creation for two or multi year. During the hour of the Great Leap Forward, Industry and Agriculture had an enormous influence of it. As Mao made communes,which implied joining various little ranches together in a territory to shape one enormous work place and furthermore some were as extensive as 25,000 individuals, since Mao felt that mass work would increment agrarian creations without the expense of current hardware. Another change was that industry drooped in light of the fact that individuals began creating steel which was low quality and couldn’t be utilized, thus heaters took a lot of China’s coal thus the trains came up short on coal. Old machines likewise self-destructed from abuse, which implied that less time was invested on agribusiness and more energy was spent on creating coal. There were additionally gigantic food deficiencies as time was spent on creating coal. So there was starvation and individuals needed to starve, accordingly numerous passed on. This lead to The Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution massively affected China from 1965 to 1968, The Cultural Revolution is the name given to Mao’s endeavor to reassert his convictions in China. Mao had been not exactly a unique head from the late 1950’s on (having experienced the disappointment of his ‘Great Leap Forward battle), and expecting that others in his own gathering may be taking on a main job that debilitated his capacity inside the gathering and the nation. The Cultural Revolution was an endeavor by Mao to re-force his clout on the gathering and in this manner the nation. Therefore, numerous pioneers were expelled and Revolutionary Committees commanded by the PLA ran the nation and the adversaries were either slaughtered or sent into banish. By and large, the arrangements had carried significant change to China. Some were fruitful, for example, the First Five Year Plan, which gave China’s economy and horticulture a blast. In any case, some like The Cultural Revolution and The Great Leap Forward, weren’t fruitful and was a disappointment, numerous individuals kicked the bucket all through the rule of Chairman Mao.

Essay Topics For Expository Essay

Essay Topics For Expository EssayWhen it comes to the process of writing an essay, it is always best to consider essay topics that are within your field of interest. The key is to pick the topics that you are most familiar with or have a strong background in.One of the first things that you should do when looking for essay topics for expository essay is to figure out what type of a subject you are interested in writing about. This will allow you to be able to write your essay in a manner that will showcase your own interests. It can also be helpful to think about some areas of study that you are already quite familiar with. Doing this is one of the first steps in finding essay topics for expository essay.The next step is to find essay topics for expository essay by doing some research on the topic that you have chosen. This is especially important if you are doing this as part of your school curriculum. The information that you gather will enable you to be able to present yourself we ll in your assignment. Of course, it is also good to get as much background information as possible before undertaking a project that may have major implications.After determining the topic that you would like to write an essay on, you should then start searching for essay topics for expository essay. As a student, you will first want to start off with a guide such as the first-year university textbook. Using this as a resource can help you gain insight into the type of topics that are most popular.Your next step will be to find a list of topics that you are interested in writing about. Try to keep a wide range of topics for you to choose from. Make sure that you avoid topics that you are already familiar with because they can distract you. Also, make sure that you make a list of topics that you are already knowledgeable about. The next step in the process of finding essay topics for expository essay is to narrow down the topics that you have chosen for yourself. Take time to sit do wn and create a list of topics that are completely out of your area of knowledge. Focus on subjects that are important to you.Once you have decided upon the topic that you are going to write, make sure that you then begin looking for essay topics for expository essay. There are many ways that you can do this. The easiest way that you can find online is to use a search engine that will pull up a large number of articles and resources that have already been written.Take some time to write out the right words for your topic and then compare it to the articles that you have found. You will probably find that there are some specific aspects that you can take care of by yourself. Always remember that one of the keys to writing an essay is being able to write it well and yet also be able to share your personal and academic thoughts.

The Impact Of Social Media Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4401 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This paper presents the significance of the new and innovative economy to organizational development, adopting to the business environmental changes and managing. Design/methodology/approach -The paper analysis the factors that increase the role of social media (SM) and their influence to changes in the value added in the organization. Findings The paper contributes to the discussion about the importance of social media by enabling the access to the knowledge and the Research limitations/implications The concept is based on a theoretical view of the innovative new economy, knowledge management and the impact of social media on value creation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Social Media Business Essay" essay for you Create order Practical implications out that the Originality/value SM leads to the fact that we are not talking about knowledge management, but about enabling access to knowledge. SM influence on the formation of chain supply and consequently to the value added in the enterprises in innovative economy. Keywords innovative economy, knowledge management, networking, organizational changes, social media, value added chain Paper type Research paper Introduction Sustainable development and increased uncertainty in the business environment are forcing companies to inflict as a strategic goal a constant reconstruction of a comprehensive infrastructure. This renewal based on a more flexible organizational structure (internal environment) including the introduction of modern technologies for the implementation of relationship marketing and renovation of the technological innovations. Technology has with the phenomenon of the Internet and the development of mobile networks transformed the way in which our society communicates and socializes. Technology is no longer the domain of developers and users, but is becoming a central democratic element, which allows for the continuing presence of society.  [1] Conservative organizations demonstrate the requirements of change management policy and organizational structures based on the Taylor paradigm of the hierarchy. At the same time, it has to be aware of the ability to develop and achieve at least basic levels of literacy in the field of modern information and communication technologies (ICT), which plays an important role in the success of both economic and social development. By achieving their strategic objectives, companies will be affected by the increase in productivity, efficiency, added value and consequently, the development of economy and society [11], [20]. The business environment has been necessary to realize the negative consequences of ICT developments with the emergence of high-tech crime. Such abuses are increasing in frequency on both IT and radio-diffuse technologies. The crimes are divided into those where computers are used as a means of enforcement (computer related crime) or as an object of enforcement (computer crime) and criminal actions in the field of illegal use of the Internet [41]. In such an environment it is difficult to define and determine the appropriate boundaries of business. Competitors do not compete only with similar (or id entical) business models. New ones are emerging with different approaches, techniques and thoughts that undermine the traditional rates set market share [8] (figure 1). Influence of technology development to the organizational changes Phenomenon of the Internet in the new economy has influenced in the early nineties of the twentieth century (including the Internet or the digital economy  [2]  ), the rise of the third wave of capitalism. During the last economic crisis and recession, which ended 2009 and the consequences of which the world felt in the form of low economic growth, the emergence of Internet technology, joined the digital technology  [3]  , which further affects the changes in global markets, which point out in the behaviors of the consumers and in developing new business models [37]. SOCIAL MEDIA ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES AND ADOPTION LEGAL AND ETHICAL NORMS TECHNOLOGY GLOBALIZATION PROCESS ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE VALUE ADDED ACESS TO KNOWLEDGE The new economy has in the early 21st century led to changes in strategies, structures and management styles. For managers it is expected to dominate the release, management and use of resources, in contrast to the strategies of the old economy, which stress that the management strategy to manage the acquisition and ownership need to defend their own resources [28]. An increasing role in the technological field of ICT in the past few years has been seen in mobility, cloud computing, business intelligence systems, and SM [16].All these factors assume a leading role in ICT in developed and underdeveloped economies. Technology and economic growth during the period of transition from the new innovative economy have become inseparable [27], [37]. Innovative economy in the process of organizational evolution introduces new approaches for the development of business models. Even in the early twentieth century in the so-called old economy there was a predominant position that for a successful (profitable) business to occur significant active ownership (hierarchy) must be implemented and that those organizations need to introduce a vertical organizational structure. In the eightie s in the so-called the new economy, knowledge and the flexibility of organizational structures started to significantly affect the performance of companies. In the innovative economy innovation and intuition are becoming the key success factors [9], [21], [39]. Organizational changes include internal and external factors, technology, markets, the legislation (emphasis on the protection of intellectual property), which is in line with new processes, restructuring and mergers and takeovers. Seventy percent of organizational change efforts fail. The causes for failure can be found in the fact that managers skip critical elements in the processes of change [34]. Innovative economic theory (in contrast to neoclassical) follows from the thesis that capital accumulation is the main vehicle for economic growth in todays knowledge-based economy. To change so there is also the global financial theory that during the innovation, economy favors Asset Management prior to ownership. This ne w business logic derives from the thesis that economic growth in the innovative economy arises due to the final product or services that are incurred as a result of knowledge [3]. The innovative entrepreneurship that has been developed based on R D and the down-regulation of activities, highlights the risk upon capital and intellectual property (patents and licenses) and fosters a networking organization that enables collaboration between companies (e.g., clustering). In the innovative economy, partnerships among organizations are based almost exclusively on human capital. Economic capital has lost the importance it still has in the new economy [7]. Network economics considers integration as a strategic instrument that affects the growth of knowledge, and increases the role of information and human knowledge in a knowledge society. The concept of network management is important as a management style that builds or appropriates synergies, particularly between information manageme nt, knowledge and human resources. Knowledge and behavior have become a power not only to the new economy but also to the innovative economy [10], [33]. Networking promotes the importance of Supply-Chain Management for the success of which it is necessary to provide unknown knowledge and prepare for the changes brought about by the development of social media  [4]  and their introduction into business operations [13], [22]. The advantage of the network structure is two-way communication. Processes operating is not run in isolation because, with two-way communication typically every person can communicate with any other person, and information can move freely within an organization f [8], [42]. Knowledge and information are part of the supporting information system which enables their transfer and processing (from the data to the end of wisdom), it is determined by knowledge management. In the given concept network knowledge management can be defined as a shift from a trans action perspective in the distribution of inter-organizational knowledge management process. Specifically, this means that the members of each exchange acquire specific skills needed to support decision-making [40]. Individual companies use outsourcing management activities in order to minimize the operating costs. Companies are therefore compensated for: the purchase of thier own information system (introduction of cloud computing), own implementation of marketing activities (setting up their own social platforms on the existing activity), finance, shared services and the production specific parts of a product, of which the production is not a core activity. The company has to be aware that decisions on the implementation of external operations are risk and that such decisions significantly affect company performance [20]. Management of supply chains is an important part of the value chain by Porter [30], who developed a model to determine the development of rival advantages. Porter stresses the need to identify competitive advantages seen in the company as a whole. Cost-effectiveness and successful differentiation are important factors in the chain of activities for the success of companies that bring value to customers. In the Internet age, the value chain has become a basic tool for understanding the impact of information technology on business. The company starts to integrate the value chain and entire value system, which includes suppliers, distribution channels and consumers. Importance of Supply-Chain Management SCM and customer relationship management CRM is to bring together applications, which include consumers, distribution channels, supply links for ordering example, production orders and deliveries. Development of new technologies to further product development or integration services and exchange of complex models among partners and consumers, which build on the exchange of information through social media. The show began after the onset of the need for identifying the impact of social software solutions upon knowledge management and determining the value of knowledge in enterprises [6], [31], [38]. Von Krogh [38], points out that the SM leads to the fact that we are not talking about knowledge management, but about enabling access to knowledge. Social tools are in fact opening channels of communication with businesses, universities, research institutes, suppliers, customers, users, competitors, etc. This theoretical overview ended with description of the quite new concept of the creative economy. It connects creativity, knowledge and innovation economy. The concept is to encourage investment in innovative technologies and to encourage a period of recession, a new economic cycle and stimulate economic growth [14]. The importance of new technologies for the business development Software applications based on the Internet are entering into all aspects of industrial and service sectors. Web technology provides better opportunities for companies to create strategic priority positions, than they could before any other information technology [31]. An issue that Porter [31], exposed is how to use the Internet in a way that will influence an increase in economic value? The author exposed two factors that determine profitability: industry structure and sustainable competitive advantage; a universal factor which exceeds any form of technology or business. Their effectiveness varies from company to company and from industry to industry. The Internet has an important impact on business development and in connecting relations in business to consumer (B2C) and business to business (B2B). Thus it has gained an important role in company performance and thus results in profit, which depends on the specifics of individual companies or industries. The expansion of online p ortals and blogs is increasing the communication among Internet users (potential customers). This leads to an exchange of opinions on the quality of products or services. The Internet has influenced the development of relations between consumers (C2C), which has a significant relationship to the creation of consumer perception of the quality of brand or company reputation. Progress and development of Web technology have an enormous impact on the evolutionary changes in social, economic and cultural fields [32]. A capacity to adapt is conditional with changes in organizational behavior such as with the initiation and adaptation of technological innovations [36]. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE eeffeeeeeeeeccddddd+++++*****INFRASTRUCUTRE interactivity applications Growth of do commerce on demand connect communicate collaborate real time on demand (from) distance *Critical infrastructure: IT developments and breakthroughs Organizations have to adapt to changes in env ironment if they wish to survive. In the 21 century we are witnesses to global warming and climate change. Society and organizations are looking for solutions within the concept of sustainable development, which will affect all levels of contemporary culture organizations, whose task will be a close relationship with global challenges. Private organizations will need to consider how environmental responsibility starts in their basic concept of development and this will also affect the organizational culture [35]. In cultural fields organizations are exposed to cases of managing the culture and limiting behavior of group members through sharing the same norms. In todays increasingly networked and virtual world one must be aware that each group consists of members coming from different social background, ethnic group, country, etc All this affects in to the culture of the organizations [35]. Launch of new ICTs in the knowledge-based industry The knowledge-based industry achieves its performance with the ability to develop new knowledge and the use thereof in the development of new products and services. Within organizations, the emphasis on knowledge management, and the processes within an organization geared to the development and dissemination of knowledge throughout the organization. An essential role in these processes is played by the workforce at all levels of he organization; whose ideas and insights serve to create knowledge, and the organizations competitive advantage (A Dictionary of Human Resource Management 2008). Between knowledge based industry classified automotive industry, information industry, pharmaceutical and healthcare industries and media and entertainment industry Phenomenon online platforms that represent social media (SM) (Table 1) have acquired a large force in 2004, when Facebook announced: We give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected [23]. During this peri od a new form of social media has formed, Twitter, which currently has a billion registered users who generate 175 million messages (tweets) daily. Use of online media is growing people and organizations use them for self-promotion, dissemination and the exchange of information users express their opinions, criticisms and compliments and straight communication [2]. TABLE I: examples of social media for business 1. Social-Media/Social-Bookmarking Sites: for share favorite sites on the Web with potential customers and business partners by commenting on, uploading and ranking different news, articles and company blogs. Reddit, Digg, Del.icio.us, Technorati, Ning, Furl, WikiHow, Youtube, Ma.gnolia. 2. Professional-Networking Sites: online networking communities for companies or individuals for promotion, recruiting, business opportunities. Linkdeln, Xing, Focus, Facebook. Ecademy, Research gate, Plaxo 3. Niche Social-Media Sites: sites convenient for linking up for att ainability business target audience. Pixel Groovy, Mixx, Tweako, Small Business Brief, Sphinn 4. General Social-Media Sites: opportunities for advertise, promotion etc. Wikipedia, Newsvine, Wetpaint, Twitter 5. Job sites: suitable for searching for high qualified candidates. CareerBuilder.com, The Wall Street Journals CareerJournal, Sologig Todays knowledge society, in addition to knowledge-intensive processes, is including the benefits of creating and finding new information with communication technologies. Following the implementation of new web-based solutions (Web 2.0) the term Enterprise 2.0 has been established for companies using new technological solutions that include digital media and social software solutions for business purposes [23], [24]. Social media tools enable the creation of new forms of connections and contribute to the maintenance of social connections (networks). It has never been possible to share mutual information and knowledge so quick ly on a global scale. Social media allow instant transfers of video and picture material, as well as maintaining blogs. This gives rise to the joint efforts of the public resulting in a new, often freely accessible database of information and knowledge. The design and structure of social media links the development of digital media technologies (e.g. digital signage) and the decline in prices increasingly influence in facilitating the transfer of information events in ways not previously possible (e.g., corporate television, video portals, etc.). Social networks are growing in different environments and strongly influence the changes in society, technology and business practice [15], [12]. e commerce New IT capabilities competitive strategies efficiency of operations social networks rule of management Companies should be aware that the customers (internet tools users) are becoming the new marketers (viral marketing: mouth to mouth communication + SM), with extensive o pinion-leading talks about the brand (table 3) [12]. All these factors come together through social media to create an external image of the company, which will depend on its reputation and consequently, the value of the firm (e.g., informing the interested public through the website if a corporation, showing the relationship to both owners and the media and consequently, affect the value shares) [18]. Organizations have no influence upon customer publications through social media. They can only publish a retaliatory explanation later and try through to decrease potential damage to their image. Viral marketing has had an influence on reducing the role of PR and marketing agencies. Technology today allows companies to create personal communication blogs, or use other similar social platforms. Companies can even invest in their own social programs and store and transfer them via digital media. Social media Customer Viral marketing Customer Viral marketing Customer Organization Fig. 1. Social media communication The development of the management skills based on the influence of technological change which lead to existence of the concept of KM 2.0. Von Krogh [38], notes that in the context of the impact of social software solutions onto the generation of KM and upgrades to increase the added value of organizational knowledge, there is a need to focus on: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ Identification of indications of how people adapt their communication with the external environment in terms of quality, distinctiveness and ownership of data, information and knowledge, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ How people account for the risk of sharing their content with strangers. Are people receptive to the issues of ownership and transfer of data between strangers (the problem of transmission of information from researchers and developers on outside experts to help create the so-called open innovation? à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ How it affects the takeover or merger of the development company that owns the new technologies developed by its members to communicate with experts in acquiring. The impact of social media to value added in knowledge-based industries Knowledge is already seen as the key factor of a sustainable competitive advantage in the new economy. An organizations need to develop an organizational culture to raise the level of awareness of employees to create and share knowledge is the basic concept of business, allowing further growth of the organization. An organizational culture based on sharing knowledge, providing opportunities for the development of KM processes, which are closely associated with the creation of added value is essential [19], [29]. The organization has to take its objectives into account, their knowledge and know-how from the environment, to establish a policy to customer relationship management (CRM) and suppliers, develop a marketing strategy that provides market positioning and design of brand loyalty. These resources constitute social capital, which occurs in two forms: as an internal adhesive to create the organizational culture or as an external agent relationship. Keeping these two forms of social capital requires different approaches to individual forms [26]. Social media has become an important source of knowledge and enables the creation of the content value chain. This is achieved by linking complementary organizations and respective organizations with their distributors and customers [26], [38]. The purpose of networking between organizations is the tendency to develop and implement technology solutions and processes that will enhance the organizational added value and bring added value to the customer in the form of utility value. Linked organizations that constitute the value chain have to reach decisions on strategies to increase the added value (e.g., acquisition, accumulation and divestment) with a consensus with partners. In order for successful participation to occur in the value chain, organizations have to identify common goals, be complementary and trust each other [25]. Knowledge that is transmitted through social media will impact favorably on added value provided that the information delivered to the customer at any moment will be of sound quality, accuracy and up-to-date.. The increase in the effective implementation of the dissemination of information via the SM (Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, proprietary platforms, etc), Increase the dissemination of information on the advertised product, service, etc Organizations must ensure that the flow of information through social media is properly secured, and that they will not lose their knowledge [38]. With such policy the use of SM in the field of marketing communication in knowledge based industry will increase the reliability of the information and the general perception of loyalty to the brand and the organizations good name. This will increase the ROI of social media compared to classic media [18]. Consequently this will lead to higher added value in knowledge based industry. Management changes Processes of creation Results the value added with SM HRM Techn ological development enabling the aces to knowledge financial performance Enterprise infrastructure Relations in supply change feedback Marketing trading non financial B2B, B2C and C2C performance Service unconscious marketing BSC, human capital Unwanted marketing (spam) Conclusions The emergence of the Web in the new economy has highly influenced the development of new forms of communication and socializing. With the expansion of social media during the innovative economy there have been qualitative leaps in the communication and transmission of information. Social media has changed the focus on KM from managing the knowledge to the providing of the access to knowledge. Social media allows access to data and video information to a broad range of potential consumers. The proper marketing communication strategy using SM allows both a permanent presence in the IT ecosystem and quick response to any negative responses to the public. The inexpensive media campaign over the SM reaches a relatively large volume of potential consumers, indeed in any time of day and affects the higher ROI than by the use of traditional media. Consequently, it affects the higher value added to the organizations. Literature review A Dictionary of Human Resource Management. 2008. E. Heery and M. Noon, Ed. Oxford University Press. [Online]. Available: https://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainentry=t162.e679 P. Andre, M. Bernstein and K. Luther, What Makes a Great Tweet? Harvard Business Review, vol.90, no.5, May 2012, pp. 36-37. C. Antonelli. 2003. The Economics of Innovation, New Technologies, and Structural Change. London, GB: Routledge, 2003, ch. 2, pp. 82 Http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Mainentry=t162.e679 M. Assen, B. 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[Online] Available:https://cmc.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.ukm.si/content/early/2012/07/17/1741659012443227.full.pdf+html M. Zeisser (October 2010). Unlocking the elusive potential of social networks. McKinsey Quaterly. [Online] Available: https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com (10.7.2012).

Teenage Pregnancy in Todays Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 379 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Teenage Pregnancy Essay Did you like this example? Teens these days spend an astonishing amount of time on social media and watching television. Theses are highways to their perception of the now and whats cool.and may times are misleading or can be detrimental. Something so innocent as a picture of themselves could ruin an entire day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teenage Pregnancy in Todays Society" essay for you Create order These young easily swayed minds will focus on the one negative comment and ignore the fifty positive likes. ADD We can take a look at the Teen mom television series. The show demonstrates a lot of immature and negative family scenarios. There is constant arguing, lack of accepting responsibility as well as an overall immature mindset. One could also see the positive scenarios a teenager might focus on while engaged in the show, they become famous! The reality is this fame is short lived and many times becomes an unwelcome entourage. According to the CDC, in 2016 the State of Arkansas ranked #1 when it comes to teenage pregnancy and across the US, hispanics lead with the African American ethnicity following closely behind. One thing to look at is the family orientation. If an individual comes from a loving, nurturing and supportive family one may think these individuals would be less likely to take such risky behaviors so lightly. Although open communication may be tough, it is the one way for a parent to know the information being given to their teen is accurate. Yes in todays school sex education is taught, but how many teens really ask questions in front of a classroom full of peers? Parent have to explain that there are no 100% effective contraception methods and it is up to children whether to break their lives without bright future or not. Intervention and proper educating offerings may assist in bringing awareness to these teenagers. If school offered proper sexuality education programs, it would assist teens along with many unfamiliar aspects of curiosity and also alleviate the awkward mom and dad conversations. Through being properly educated, we can help them to explore feelings, human development, dating, gender roles, sexual expectations and consequences, and safe sexual practices. In addition, teenagers need guidance when entering adulthood. So many choices made in their teen years affect who they become as an adult, college, friendships, pregnancy are only a few of the major facets.

Operations Management Analysis For Walmart - 2766 Words

Operations Management Analysis for Walmart I. Introduction Walmart is a multinational retail store based in the US. According to the Fortune Global 500 in 2015, it is the world’s largest public corporation. Its operations are organized into three divisions: Walmart Stores US, Sam’s Club, and Walmart International. The company has nine different retail formats, including supercenter, food and drugs, and membership stores. According to Yahoo Finance, Walmart is in the industry called â€Å"Discount, Variety Stores†. This industry has a market capitalization of $4,980 billion. Along with Walmart, Target, Costco, and Dollar General are all included in this industry. The objective of this report is to analyze how Walmart maintain competitive advantages and achieve business success through its effectively standardized operations and supply chain management, and identify the current and potential risks or issues that it suffering recently and may encounter in the future business. This analysis will primarily emphasize on three operational activities of Walmart which include quality management, product and service design, and inventory management. II. Methodology: The process involved a few key steps, outline in detail in the main discussion below. First, analysis of Walmart and its operations was performed considering its current strategies, strengths and weaknesses, and growth potential as compared to the competition. Additionally, this analysis was extended into a ratioShow MoreRelatedStrategic Vision And Operations Planning1210 Words   |  5 Pages Over the past ten years Walmart has become one of the most powerful retails with the highest sales around the world. The company has been recognized with a successful supply chain management. However as 2016, Walmart closed 269 stores, this means that not all the stores are successful and there is a problem that is affecting its operations planning. Walmart by 32nd St. has operation planning problems during winter time when the population increases in the area. This report was written to understandRead MoreCase Study : Walmart s Operations Management1202 Words   |  5 Pagesmostly interested in learning more about the Walmart Corporation. Walmart’s operations management covers a mixture of concepts that focus on managing the supply chain and inventory, as well as sales performance2. The company has become successful because it follows an effective performance in operations management2. This paper will be giving some information about Walmart and how it came to be. 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What most differentiates WalMart from the many other discount retailers is their agility and speed of using information for insights and analysis (WalMartRead MoreWalmart Swot Analysis : Walmart Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesWALMART ANALYSIS 1 WALMART ANALYSIS 5 Business Process Management Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Walmart Analysis Walmart is the largest supply chain in the world which distributes different products of multiple firms. For the last fifteen years, Walmart has grown significantlyRead MoreWal Mart : An Examination Of Management Tools And Effectiveness1734 Words   |  7 PagesWal-Mart: An Examination of Management Tools and Effectiveness In today s ever-changing business environment, effective managers must be competent in a plethora of varying critical competencies in order to help an organization reach and exceed its respective goals. Managers must communicate and infuse a high-performance mentality in their employees, while creating an organizational culture which promotes teamwork and competitiveness for the overall betterment of the organization. To aid managersRead MoreInternal Analysis : The Boston Group Matrix1560 Words   |  7 Pages INTERNAL ANALYSIS (CH) The internal analysis focuses on the strengths and weaknesses inside a company or organization; it helps determine what the company is capable of. There are many tools that play a part of the internal analysis but the three main tools used in an internal analysis are the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the Value Chain Analysis which includes primary activities and support activities inside the business. Another big part of the internal analysis is the Financial Ratio AnalysisRead MoreChina: The Start of a New Era for Wal-Mart Global Expansion1514 Words   |  6 PagesWalMart in China Introduction WalMarts approach to global expansion exemplifies the journey of self-discovery many corporations who have a stable, profitable domestic base of operations go through as they attempt to enter new markets globally. For WalMart this meant confronting the exceptionally high level of ethnocentrism in their organization while also using their analytics-based prowess to better understand cultures, not just costs and profits (Ming-Ling, Donegan, Ganon, Kan, 2011). TheRead MoreWalmart s Pricing Strategy And How It Works991 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts to the ordinary customers at lower prices than its rivals (Woohyoung Alan, 2013). In other words, Wal-Mart has kept its promise â€Å"everyday low prices† as a sustainable selling point (Walmart, 2015). At Wal-Mart, Price is the core factor in most of foreign markets that it has established operations in addition to the United States. The other 3 countries which are included in this report (namely South Africa, Germany and Japan) are all implementing the policy of EDLP. Sam Walton, the founderRead MoreAnalysis Of Walmart Stock Prices Over A Two Year Period1653 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper aims to forecast Walmart stock prices over a two year period. But because stock prices are more substantial when they are presented either in monthly or weekly data, the paper will be forecasting over two years but on a monthly basis i.e. Walmart stock prices is forecasted over a 24 month period. Before we get into details about the paper, Walmart is one of the largest retail stores in the US with branches in other countries either bearing the name Walmart or some other names like Game

Identifications and Preventions of Ethical Breakdowns

Question: Discuss the favoritism policy, corporate corruptions, recognizing the Slippery Slope and prevention of ethical breakdowns? Answer: Introduction The ethical breakdown is considering the effective maintaining of responsibilities by the employees and other internal stakeholders. Moon (2012) stated that the responsibilities maintaining is the key to contribute success, values, visions to the organization. The ethical standards provide the justification about the rights and the wrongs regarding the value sharing of the organizations, which enhances the productivity as well as the profitability of the organization and work as a driving forces for leading towards success. The essay will be reflecting the different steps concerning the ethical breakdowns and the process of preventing them for the development of the companies. This is even subject to develop both the personal and the professional skills of the employees working together under the same organization. The Favoritism Policy For considering the business ethics, it is very much important to maintain the standards with the proper implication of the moral developments. Tolchin Tolchin (2011) suggested that in churches, school or work, it is required to maintain the ethical behavior for bringing the progressive attitude. It has been seen in todays date, the practices on media, televisions and other related sources have been indulged into unethical implications. Even in the business organizations, the act of favoritism also portrays the unethical concerns more specifically. For example, the management of the business sometimes faces several troubles while favoring any particular group, team or person. The problem arises mostly when the other teams or groups are aware of this favoritism policy. Campbell (2014) mentioned that it can be named as circle of influence, while on the other hand, a group of people considered it as untouchable group. Corporate Corruptions Friedland (2012) explained that the business managements are more likely maintaining the business ethics for making the progressive approaches for the business organizations. However, some of the business corruptions have spread out in wider way. Some of the leaders get special preferences direct form the top management, which affects the work performance of the employees. Some of the leaders even are so biased that they do not even keep eyes on the rules maintaining of the employees considering the ethical standards. The corporate corruptions have become much prominent in few more business cases. For example, in the year of 1970, the car production company by Ford Pinto faced such accident for the collision of leaked fuel, which exploded into flames. Many people were killed as well as injured without being recalled for the correction. The further investigation on such cases revealed the direct competitions with Volkswagen and other several cars manufacturing companies, Ford had to r ush in indulging the poor material in manufacturing such automobile products. This was the callousness, dishonesty and greed of the leaders of Ford, which harmed many peoples lives. Recognizing the Slippery Slope In most of the cases, the management leaders fail to recognize the gradual erosion of the employees ethical standards. Miller (2012) opined that this leads the organization towards the increasing level of the major infractions and in most of the cases, it gives the rise to the violations. For example, the accountant of a large organization is assigned with the entire auditing purposes and has to present the financial statements. They can approve the high estimate in accordance with their profits. On the other hand, as mentioned by O'Leary (2014), the act of exaggerated increment of the estimation, they can be charged $5. In such cases, the changes in slippery slope make them blind and lead them towards dishonesty of increasing the estimation. Prevention of Ethical Breakdowns According to Tolchin Tolchin (2011), such closeness to the top management can create the internal conflicts among the employees since the management is treating not everyone equally. The differentiation in building the transparent relationship between the management and the employees give rise to the unethical behavior within the business scenario. Therefore, for preventing such breakdown of ethical behavior, the management of the organization needs to take the initiative and needs to maintain the equality (Friedland, 2012). The proper training session regarding the business ethics can also prevent the act of disobeying the ethical standards. The necessity of maintaining the ethical standards can assure the personal and professional skills development and lead the employees acquiring the honest approaches while working under the organizations. Conclusion It may be concluded by considering the essential approaches of the ethical behavior maintaining in workplaces, schools and other institutes. The corporate corruptions, favoritism policy, slippery slope recognition can be prevented by considering the maintenance of ethical standards and both the management and the employees are expected to follow the rules accordingly. References Moon, C. (2012). Business ethics. London: Economist. Tolchin, M., Tolchin, S. (2011). Pinstripe patronage. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm Publishers. Campbell, E. (2014). Breakdown of Moral Judgment*.Ethics,124(3), 447-480. doi:10.1086/674845 Friedland, J. (2012). Beyond Empiricism: Realizing the Ethical Mission of Management.Business And Society Review,117(3), 329-356. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8594.2012.00409.x Miller, K. (2012). Is Ethical Behavior Good for Business?.IT Professional,14(1), 10-11. doi:10.1109/mitp.2012.11 O'Leary, M. (2014). Work identification and responsibility in moral breakdown.Bus Ethics Eur Rev,24(3), 237-251. doi:10.1111/beer.12072

Polaroid Stories Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Polaroid Stories I have never been to a live play performance before, but I have seen one on video. I loved it as though I was reading a great storybook; being able to stop at anytime and pick up where I left off, but I never thought about the relationship between the performers and the audience. Nor did I think of the impact of all of the aspects that deal with creating a play and giving a great performance. For my first live play I went to go see Polaroid Stories; a play I thought would not be so shocking to a first time audience member. I was wrong; this play almost literally looked me in the face and slapped me. The play had the look of a run down playhouse that had little funding and little direction, but I later pieced it together that they made it part of the play, and obviously you are not supposed to see those who are back stage directing. Additionally, I over looked the performers' costumes, the stage lighting, and set design; everything I took for granted. I thought I could see the props and everything that was strategically placed or used, but I missed them all. I was surprised at how these people in charge took the look of a run down playhouse and made it their stage. This was life on life's canvas and it was totally different from watching television. Everything became so tangible and real. For a moment I lost my self and really got into the play. I didn't think I was watching a group of people on a set acting for my entertainment, I felt I was actually watching life. As if I stepped out of my body for a moment and walked the streets seeing the life of these street kids. You can't exactly get that from television; your mind is constantly running when you watch this play. The fact that the stage was right in front of me does not compare to television. If I took one step forward I would have been on stage, if I wasn't already. One of the actors I felt breeze by me, and I could smell the smoke of another actor's cigarette. I kept having the feeling I was there, that the whole stage was really outside. The stage was the one aspect that kept me believing. The way everything was setup, the closeness it brought between the performers and the audience, and the sounds it created when the actors walked across it or banged on it. I felt apart of the stage and I guess that is why I felt so close to the action of the stories, and how I got lost in them. Going to this play was a new experience, but watching this play was a crash course in the emotion you can actually get from the way everything is setup. This new media had an impact on me that you can not get from television. And I've come to the assumption that you can save lots of money by going to good theatres like this, than by purchasing surround sound for television. You can hear the closeness with all the speakers you need, but you'll never get that tangible feeling as if the performers or the stage are really there.

Crusaders essays

Crusaders essays The topic of the essay is whether I think that the first crusade was a war or a religious movement. That is a very hard question to answer. I think that it may have started out as a religious movement with all the religious frenzy that such a movement can convey. However, in my opinion the first Crusade was a war. It was a that was ostensibly using the freeing of the holy land and of helping Alexius as an excuse go to war. It was a grand cover up to gain territory. War has been used throughout most of history as an excuse. It became apparent to me that the first crusade was no exception. It was an excuse to garner land, and excuse to gain power, it was even used as an excuse to kill Jews. Even with the so-called religious leaders such as Peter the hermit. With the other leaders such as Bohemond and Raymond, Baldwin I found it was a much clearer view of their reasoning, at least to my mind. I want to analyze the motivations of the leaders of the crusades. For it is these motivations that lead me to the belief that this was just a war. I further more believe that even Urban himself knew that there would be many that stepped foreword that would use Urbans Crusade for political purposes including to a certain extent Urban himself. The calling of the Crusade was a political opportunity for Urban's pontificate, attracting loyalty from a wide range of disparate countries and asserting the Churchs role as a unifying force. That he was concerned about the leaders of his crusade once they were out of his sight is apparent. Why else would he have made so may statements about for you are also called shepherds see that you are not occupied after the manner f mercenaries (pg 51) or For if because of the sloth of your management (pg 52), and let those he said ,who are accustomed to wage private wars wastefully even against believers(pg 53). However, it is also apparent tha...

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Employment Law - Essay Example Those terms include the payment of 40,000 pounds annually and a discretionary bonus of 6,000 pounds provided he meets company deadlines. Although the bonus appears to be a flexible term in the sense that the company may at its discretion decline the payment of the bonus, the annual salary is a fixed term, agreed between the parties. A contract of employment is in many ways no different from a commercial contract in that it contains an exchange of agreements by which the parties are bound to observe.1 Like a commercial contract, an employment contract cannot be waived unilaterally unless the contract itself makes specific provision for variations of the type undertaken, although the contract may be varied by operation of statue without either parties’ consent.2 On the facts of the case for discussion there are no statutory provisions applicable to David’s salary under the contract with C Plus. It therefore follows that the variation could not be effected by the employer without David’s consent. It would appear that C Plus may be erroneously relying on a Section 4 Statement under the Employment Rights Act 1996 which permits variation of a Section 1 Statement.3 A Section 1 Statement is typically issued following the initial stage of employment and sets out the terms of employment. A Section 4 Statement will reflect changes to a Section 1 Statement. However, since a Section 1 Statement is not a contract in and of itself, but evidence of the existence of a contract,4 an employer can only logically rely on the validity of a Section 4 Statement if the employee to whom it relates agrees or does not voice an objection to it.5 Even if the employer fails to voice his or her objection to the Section 4 Statement the court may still deem it ineffective.6 David did however, voice his objection to the variation of his salary under the initial contract and by doing so makes the Section 4 Statement/variation of the contract invalid.

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Alfred Hitchcock - Essay Example After attending the London County School of Engineering and Navigation, he tried to participate in World War I but was rejected by the military because of his obesity. Undaunted, Hitchcock joined the cadet regimen of the Royal Engineers in 1917. Although he did his part during training, he still did not make it to active military service. Eventually, the man who had previously worked as a draftsman and advertising engineer at Henley's would go on to become one of the most prolific writers of the in-house The Telegraph where he began to dabble in stories rooted in suspense and twist endings. As a writer, he tried his hand at writing various genres including the satirical disquisition â€Å"The History of Pea Eating† and Fedora, which is considered as his shortest and most enigmatic contribution to the literary world (â€Å"Alfred Hitchcock†). Finding work as a title designer led Hitchcock to discover photography, which in turn led to his working as Islington Studios as a silent film title card designer. Hitchcock began a steady 5 years ascent to film director from the moment he began working for Islington Studios. Working steadily in Germany as a collaborator of acclaimed film director Graham Cutts in 1924, the length of time that he spent living and working there influenced his â€Å"seminal† and expressionist film making style. Just like any other film maker just starting out, his career was plagued by budget constrictions, canceled films due to lack of budget, and lackluster ticket sales. Yet Hitchcock soldiered on and became one of the most notable film directors in England for his early films. The most notable of his early work was â€Å"The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog†, which was released in 1929. A majority of film historians believe that this movie in particular set the style for the future films of the director. It was in describing this film that the term â€Å"Hitchockian† was first used as there seemed no bett er or fitting term with which to describe the story he told on film (â€Å"Alfred Hitchcock†). Most of Hitchcock's early films made in Britain are silent films. His tenth film however, titled â€Å"Blackmail† which was shot in 1929, is considered to be an early British â€Å"talkie† considered by many to be the first ever British sound feature film. This film is also notable for having the longest appearance by the director in the movie, as was Hitchcock's signature in all his films. More importantly, this film set the trend by the director of using important landmarks in the country as backdrops for the highlights of his movies. By the 1930's his name was becoming well known far and wide thanks to the success of his films â€Å"The Man Who Knew Too Much† and â€Å"The 39 Steps†. This resulted in the American film producer David O. Selznick actively bidding for his services, winning a 7 year contract with the soon to be highly acclaimed film direct or. Hitchcock left England for a new career in the colonies in March, 1939. (â€Å"Alfred Hitchcock†), believing that he had reached the limits of the British film industry. The golden age of Alfred Hitchcock as a film director occurred during his stint in Hollywood where, unhampered by budget issues, he was able to tell the story that he wanted, regardless of how much film footage it took to do so. The audience lapped up

The perception of Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Healthcare System Essay Example for Free

The perception of Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Healthcare System Essay Introduction Public health in America has benefited from various innovations and advanced medical technology. However, these developments do not serve all Americans. Even in modern times disparities exist between whites and minorities in terms of health care. For instance the rate due to heart disease and stokes were higher for African Americans than for whites; 30% and 41% respectively, in 2002. The infant mortality rate for African Americans was higher compared to that of whites, in spite the fact that the national infant mortality rate had decreased. In 2004, African Americans had the highest diagnosis rate for HIV; 50% (Center for health care strategies). Ensuring equity in health care is necessary in order to prevent premature death, control disease, prevent unnecessary illness or disability and promote the quality of life for all citizens. An intervention by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention lead to the formation of Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH). The program’s mandate is to identify, minimize and eventually eliminate racial and ethnic inequality in the health care sector. Minority groups are the main victims of health care inequity. As a result the REACH program targets; African Americans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Latinos, Alaska natives and Pacific Islanders. These communities need to be involved in the REACH program since, they are after all the beneficiaries. Individuals, community leaders and opinion leaders need to be consulted and empowered. REACH has developed strategies that improve health care in various communities, work sites, schools, after school settings and in health care facilities. Application of community development principles of good practice to research on racial and health care disparities. For a society to be successful then development of individual communities and organizations needs to be considered. Community development focuses on the improvement of the quality of life for an entire community. A community can be defined as a team of people who are unified due to location, common interests or ownership. For this kind of development to occur then the principles of good practice ought to be enforced. Some of the principles of good practice include; encouraging participation, problem identification and designing of solutions by community members and community leaders. Leaders in the community are also empowered and educated so that they can understand the problems that exist in their community and abstinence from practices that affect the community negatively. In other words the principles of good practice include; inclusion of community members, capacity building through management of information and resources, partnerships with all stakeholders, equity , accessibility and responsiveness in terms of action towards various initiatives (Maslow, 2003,p.19). The community should be involved in the research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care. The community will provide valuable information on the disparities that exist, intervention programs and the progress made in addressing the issue. Researchers need to consider vital elements in the community; trust, cultural heritage, history, expertise, community leaders, community initiatives and resources. Community based research relies highly on participation and trust. Trust is fundamental for the research on racial and ethnic inequality in health care. The researcher needs to understand the community’s history and how it relates to their current health care situation. For example the slavery and racial discrimination history of African Americans can provide insight on why the disparity in health care exists. The researcher needs to appreciate information from participates. However, this does not imply that all information should be accepted as truth without further investigation. The views of the community members should be listened to carefully, evaluated and investigated. Researchers should view the community as a partner in the research and interact with members. The researcher needs to develop a partnership with the members of the community. Together the parties define the health care disparities and needs. They also evaluate the effectiveness of programs initiated so as to reduce the health care inequality and provide recommendations on how to improve those programs. In this partnership between the researcher and the community members the thoughts and opinions of the community members need to be reflected in the publications. It is a common practice for publishers to decide what to print. Most of the times the community participates are not co-authors of the publications; they are simply acknowledged for their cooperation in the authors’ notes. As a result some of the issues that are very vital to the community may be left out. Members of a community provide superior information on their community’s views and their culture. Thus inclusion of community members as co-authors of publications will benefit both the researcher and the community. Moreover, this effort is a form of empowerment for the community since their views and opinions will be better represented thus creating a comprehensive picture. Ethical practices should be used in data collection, ownership and publication (Blythe, 2007, p.68). In order to understand the role that racial inequality has on premature deaths, infant mortality rate, disability and the spread of disease community based research is crucial. Community partners provide information on the nature of health care they receive in terms of health education, treatment, responsiveness in health care centers and the facilities that are available in their localities. Research ensures that health care delivery coincides with the needs of the community. The insight provided by community participation research is useful to the government and other stakeholders who are responsible for designing and implementing health care delivery programs. Community participants in a research usually represent the views of the community in relation to health care. Thus their views should be considered and reflected in the research. Research helps in addressing the challenges that face the health care system. Hence it provides solutions communities and policy makers which will ultimately improve the nature and quality of health care available to all citizens. For racial and ethnic disparities to be eliminated then all stakeholders need to develop strategies that will address issue. Various states and Medicaid managed organizations have developed a community based strategy to address racial disparities in health care. The strategy emphasis on community participatory research on health care racial and ethnic inequality. The community members, community based organizations are the main source of information. The health care providers and government then analyze the information and set policies on health that ensures equality in access and treatment to all American citizens. Compared to traditional research methods community based participatory research provides pertinent findings and is less time consuming. Health care providers are increasingly using this approach; the main focus is using community based approach to interact with minorities. For instance the ‘EXCEED’ project uses partnership between researchers, community member, community health care centers and the community organizations. EXCEED uses the community participatory research due to acknowledgement that it leads to comprehensive findings on the social, cultural and economic aspects that contribute to the racial and ethnic disparities in health care. The EXCEED program â€Å"Excellence Centers To Eliminate Ethnic/Racial Disparities† is an in initiative by the Agency of Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ). Its mandate is to investigate and understand racial and ethnic disparities in health care as well as designing and implementing strategies on eradication of those disparities (Bayne, 1998, p.116). Conclusion Inequality in health care provision is evident in terms of health care access, prevalence of disease, health care setting and the quality of care. America’s minorities’ usually higher rates of disease, higher infant death rate and poorer health care compared to white Americans. Disparities in health care affect the individual, communities and the economy. Poor health care contributes to the cost of health care through complications due to poor care, avoidable hospital admission and preventable emergency cases. Community based participatory research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care provides data that reflects the extent of the situation. Information from the research is used by health care providers to design strategies provision of quality health care services to all citizens. Community based participatory research is a partnership between the community and the researcher. There is equity in power, decision making, credit and knowledge. The community and the researchers collaborate in all segments of the research; problem identification, planning for the research, actual research, data collection, analyzing of data and recommending a course of action. Data collected through community based participatory research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care is usually analyzed by the government and other health care stakeholders. The revelations made by the data are useful when goals and policies are been designed so as to eliminate the racial and ethnical disparities in health care. Health care is fundamental in every society. Therefore health care providers are advised to ensure equity in quality, access and care in the health sector for all Americans regardless of their race or ethnicity (Allan, 1998, p. 112). Reference Allan, B. P. (1998). Health care financing.   New York: Hill crest. Bayne, J. N. (1998). Strategic plans. New York: Hill crest. Blythe, R. J. (2007). Disease Prevention. Manchester University Press. Maslow, R. P. (2003). Health Management. New York: Macmillian. Porter, P. (2004). Healthy and Beautiful. New York: The free Press. The effects of community factors on Health. Retrieved August 18 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.policylink.org/pdfs/. Reducing health disparities through focus on communities. Retrieved August 17 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.policylink.org/pdfs/HealthDisparities.pdf

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans Racism is a problem with roots reaching as far back as biblical times, and it is questionable as to whether or not racial discrimination will ever vanish. Many different groups of people have been subject to racism over time. Two historical examples of people who were discriminated against because of their nationality are Native Americans and Irish-American immigrants. Although the situations they faced are not quite identical, they have an abundance of similarities. The Native Americans and the Irish citizens who immigrated to the United States suffered a similar plight in the sense that both peoples were persecuted for their cultural differences as well as exiled from their own homelands. Before all others, varying tribes of Native Americans inhabited North America. The eleventh-century Norse seaman Leif Eriksson glimpsed very small portions of the continent, yet his discoveries never became public knowledge.(Brinkley, 8) It was not until Christopher Columbus’s â€Å"discovery† of North America that Europeans began to develop an interest in the so-called New World. British, French, and Spanish colonies sprouted up along the eastern coast of America soon after Columbus’s expedition. Once the colonies declared their independence from Great Britain and formed the United States of America in 1776, the westward expansion of the white settlers inflated tremendously. This intrusion upon the lands of the Native Americans produced many conflicts between the two groups. The Americans began to repeatedly intrude upon Native American property, and force the Indians off of their rightfully owned land. One person who is often associated with the poor treat... ...persecuted horribly and viewed as inferior, and as belonging to a lower level in the social order. The Irish’s subservience was influenced mainly by ideological apparatuses, while the Indians were restrained mostly by repressive forces, such as military action. Yet, both methods were effective in lowering the people in the social rankings, so that they were frequently overlooked and wronged morally and legally. While we can not take back what has happened, we can use what has happened in the past to try to prevent such injustices in the future. The first step in the solution to racism is understanding one another. Bibliography: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Boston, MA: Bay Back Books, 1993.

Economic Systems Essay

Socialism Socialism is an economic system where all the economic decisions are made by the government or a central authority. There will be no private property rights since the government officially owns all resources. It is also known as a command economy or a planned system. Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems. A socialist economy is based on some form of social ownership, which includes varieties of public ownership and independent cooperatives, over the means of production, wherein production is carried out to directly produce use-value sometimes, but not always, coordinated through economic planning and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or a direct measure of labor-time. The term socialist economics may also be applied to analysis of former and existing economic systems that call themselves â€Å"socialist†, such as the works of Hungarian economist Jà ¡nos Kornai. Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought, most notably Marxian economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics and neoclassical economics. Early socialism, like Ricardian socialism, was based on classical economics. During the 20th century, proposals and models for planned economies and market socialism were based heavily on neoclassical economics or a synthesis of neoclassical economics with Marxian or institutional economics. look more:  what is the basic economic problem essay Characteristics 1 Public ownership of resources All the resources are owned and operated by the state or the government in the interest of society as a whole. This is to ensure equal opportunity of all citizens regardless of their income. Public ownership also aims to fully utilize the country’s resources. 2 Central planning authority The central authority is responsible for making economic decisions for society. The authority plans and allocates resources between current consumption and investment for the future. 3 Price mechanism of lesser importance Socialism gives less importance to market forces. Prices are fixed by the government and not determined by demand and supply. Private profits are not allowed and public interest is emphasized in the command economy. 4 Central control and ownership A socialist economy is a fully planned economy where the government intervenes in all aspects of economic activity. The government controls production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services. Merits of Socialism 1 Production according to basic needs Production in a socialist economy is mainly directed at producing the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing and building materials. It is not determined by the purchasing power of the rich in society. The phenomenon of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer does not exist in the socialist economy. 2 Equal distribution of income and wealth There is no difference between the rich and the poor. This system provides equal opportunity for all citizens in earning an income. Wealth is also equally distributed since private enterprise is limited 3 Better allocation of resourses Under the socialist system, the planning authority will allocate resources between current consumption and future investment. 4 No serious unemployment or recession/ inflation The unemployment rate and inflation are usually taken care of by the government to ensure economic stability in the country. 5 Rapid economic development In a socialism system, the economy grows faster. The main factors responsible for the rapic economic growth are the full utilization of resources, planning and quick decisions. 6 Social welfare The government will provide all citizens of the country with full social security benefits such as pension, accident benefits and others. Since the government is concerned, labour dispute and wastage of resources do not exist in a socialism system. Economic Decisions in a Socialistic System What to produce In Socialism, planning authorities decide what to produce. The Central Planning Authority will collect detailed statistics on the resource availability in the country and link it with national priorities. If the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. How to produce The Central Planning Authority also decided on the techniques to be used in the production of different goods and services. The choice is between traditional and modern technique of production. For example, the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. For whom to produce The distribution of the national product is decided by the Central Planning Authority. The distribution of various commodities among citizens is done through a set of administred fixwd processes. Necessity goods are fixed at lower prices, and luxury goods at higher prices. The purpose of these fixed prices is to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income. Demerits of Socialism 1 Lacks of incentives and initative by individuals Individuals have no profit motive. This will lead to economic inefficiency since jobs are provided by the government and individuals are not motivated to work harder. 2 Loss of economic freedom and consumer sovereignty Under a socialist economy, the central planning authority or the government directs all economic activity. There is no choice given to the consumer and they accept whatever public enterprise produce. There is little variety in the goods and services produced and availability is restricted. Limited private organizations exist in a socialist economy. 3 Absence of competition Since there are limited private enterprises, less research and development (R&D) activities are carried out. This results in low quality products since there is no competition. Socialist economies in theory Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert identify five economic models within the rubric of socialist economics * Public Enterprise Centrally Planned Economy in which all property is owned by the State and all key economic decisions are made centrally by the State, the former Soviet Union. * Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, one form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency, while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state, e.g. socialist market economy in China after reform. * A mixed economy, where public and private ownership are mixed, and where industrial planning is ultimately subordinate to market allocation, the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twentieth century Sweden. * Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another form of market socialism in which publicly owned, employee-managed production units engage in free market exchange of goods and services with one another as well as with final consumers, e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar’s Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic democracy. * Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning, e.g. stateless communism, libertarian socialism. An incipient historical forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish revolution. More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Polanyi, Participatory Economics and the negotiated coordination model of Pat Devine, as well as in Cornelius Castoriadis’s pamphlet â€Å"Workers’ Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society†. Additionally, Jà ¡nos Kornai identifies five distinct classifications for socialism: * Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labour, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces, so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning. Economic planning in this definition means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use-values as opposed to exchange-values, in contrast to the â€Å"anarchy of production† of capitalism. * Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy, with prices for producer goods set through a trial-and-error method by a central planning board. In this view, socialism is defined in terms of de jure public property rights over major enterprises. * Leninist conception, which includes a form of political organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning (a â€Å"command economy†). * Social Democratic concept, based on the capitalist mode of production, which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation. It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy, gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism, and support for socially progressive causes. Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property; instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state, which relies on the market as the fundamental coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public ownership/public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise. * East Asian model, or socialist market economy, based on a largely free-market, capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state-ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party. Jà ¡nos Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model (as either socialist or capitalist) to the reader.[16] What are the disadvantages and advantages of socialism? Advantages of Socialism * In environments with plentiful resources, socialism provides all members with their survival needs, creating a stable social environment. * Members that cannot participate economically – due to disabilities, age, or periods of poor health – can still impart wisdom, emotional support and continuity of experience to the system. * Freedom from work provides opportunity for some societal members to explore non-economically-productive pursuits, such as pure science, math and non-popular arts. Disadvantages of Socialism * Since there is no culling and no economic advantage to working harder, socialistic systems provide no inherent incentive to participate. This makes socialism internally unstable. * Due to a lack of incentives, socialistic systems tend not to be competitive, making them externally unstable. * In times of plenty, immigrants are drawn to the free resources offered by socialistic systems, while potentially adding nothing economically productive. * In times of scarcity, resentment of non-economically-productive members of society increases, causing a destabilizing effect on the society and economy History of socialist economic thought Values of socialism have roots in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes, reciprocal obligations, and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe, the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and the emergence of specifically capitalist social relations. As such it is commonly regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era. Many socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in Enlightenment doctrine such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality, Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Limits of State Action, or Immanuel Kant’s insistent defense of the French Revolution. Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial factory system requiring long-term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial (mercantilist) framework. Historically speaking, the most pressing needs of this new system were an assured supply of the elements of industry – land, elaborate machinery, and labour – and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements. According to influential socialist economic historian Karl Polanyi’s classic account, the forceful transformation of land, money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre-existing social fabric. Marx had viewed the process in a similar light, referring to it as part of the process of â€Å"primitive accumulation† whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production. The dislocation that Polyani and others describe, triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society. These counter-movements, that included, for example, the Luddite rebellions, are the incipient socialist movements. Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory. As Polanyi noted, these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full-fledged socialist movements. Some demands went no further than a wish to mitigate the capitalist market’s worst effects. Later, a full socialist program developed, arguing for systemic transformation. Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tamed so as not to be excessively â€Å"exploitative†, or crises could be effectively mitigated, capitalist social relations would remain significantly unjust and anti-democratic, suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling, empowering and creative work, diversity and solidarity. Within this context socialism has undergone four periods: the first in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions (1780s-1850s); then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization (1830–1916); the polarisation of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union, and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response (1916–1989) and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era (1990- ). As socialism developed, so did the socialist system of economics. Utopian socialism The first theories which came to hold the term â€Å"socialism† began to be formulated in the late 18th century, and were termed â€Å"socialism† early in the 19th century. The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing. The abject misery, poverty and disease to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters, or â€Å"capitalists† as they were then becoming to be called, would consist of working classes being driven down to subsistence wages. Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements, which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self-sufficient on the land. These included many religious movements, such as the Shakers in America. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena. In theory, economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity. In practice, small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems. Socialism and classical political economy The first organized theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory, including elements in Adam Smith, Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market, a class analysis, a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system, and the concept of rent as being unproductive. Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic. This, and the possibility of a â€Å"general glut†, an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use, became the foundation of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent disastrous downturns in the economy, and whether the need for expansion would inevitably lead to war. Socialist political economy before Marx Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker A key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He was the most well-known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist. Others were: Technocrats like Henri de Saint Simon, agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie and William Cobbett; anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin; communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen, William Thompson and Charles Fourier; anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray; the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene; as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism. The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent. Count Henri de Saint-Simon was the first individual to coin the term â€Å"socialism†. Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology, which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities. Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work. This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific and material progress, which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy. Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists. The Ricardian socialists, such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall, were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply, and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor. The Ricardian socialists viewed profit, interest and rent as deductions from this exchange-value. Das Kapital Karl Marx employed systematic analysis in an ambitious attempt to elucidate capitalism’s contradictory laws of motion, as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates. He radically modified classical political economic theories. Notably, the labor theory of value that had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, was transformed into his characteristic â€Å"law of value† and used for the purpose of revealing how commodity fetishism obscures the reality of capitalist society. His approach, which Engels would call â€Å"scientific socialism†, would stand as the branching point in economic theory: in one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities wherein â€Å"the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.†. Das Kapital is one of the many famous incomplete works of economic theory: Marx had planned four volumes, completed two, and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third. In many ways the work is modelled on Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, seeking to be a comprehensive logical description of production, consumption and finance in relation to morality and the state. It is a work of philosophy, anthropology and sociology as much as one of economics. However, it has several important statements: * The Law of Value Capitalist production is the production of â€Å"an immense multitude of commodities† or generalised commodity production. A commodity has two essential qualities firstly, they are useful, they satisfy some human want, â€Å"the nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference,† and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged. Critically the exchange value of a commodity â€Å"is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities.† But rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it. All commodities are sold at their value, so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in cheating or theft but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power, or the worker’s wage, is less than the value created during their time at work, enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments. * Historical Property Relations Historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force, deprivation, and legal manipulation, creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage-labour. Moreover, capitalist property relations aggravated the artificial separation between city and country, which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic rift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment, which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas. * Commodity Fetishism Marx adapted previous value-theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system (markets, competition, supply and demand) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society. â€Å"Commodity fetishism† refers to this distortion of appearance. The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation. * Economic Exploitation Workers are the fundamental creative source of new value. Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists. * Accumulation Inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists. In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalist’s social power derives itself from being able to repeat the circuit of Money–>Commodity–>Money’, where the capitalist receives an increment or â€Å"surplus value† higher than their initial investment, as rapidly and efficiently as possible. Moreover this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale. * Crises Marx identified natural and historically specific (i.e. structural) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises. Different types of crises, such as realization crises and overproduction crises, are expressions of capitalism’s inability to constructively overcome such barriers. Moreover, the upshot of crises is increased centralization, the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few. * Centralization The interacting forces of competition, endemic crises, intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production, and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus, all promote a strong developmental tendency towards the centralization of capital. * Material Development As a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour, typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques, capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work, suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and expanded scope for leisure. * Socialization, and the pre-conditions for Revolution By socializing the labour process, concentrating workers into urban settings in large-scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market, the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created. Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the same time developing the preconditions for its own negation. However, although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself, the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the apprehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary program Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings. Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying â€Å"the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility†. Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production. Instead, it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. Once collectivization takes place, workers’ salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market. Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work which presents the economic vision ofanarcho-communism Anarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers’ councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: â€Å"from each according to ability, to each according to need†. Unlike mutualism, collectivist anarchism and marxism, anarcho-communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether, instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need. Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin’s death. By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the â€Å"collectivist† label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. After Marx Marx’s work sharpened the existing differences between the revolutionary and non-revolutionary socialists. Non-revolutionary socialists took inspiration from the work of John Stuart Mill, and later Keynes and the Keynesians, who provided theoretical justification for (potentially very extensive) state involvement in an existing market economy. According to the Keynesians, if the business cycle could be solved by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment, class antagonism would be effectively tamed a compact would be formed between labour and the capitalists. There would be no need for revolution; instead Keynes looked to the eventual â€Å"euthanasia of the rentier† sometime in the far future. Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki employed Keynesian insights to form the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism. Many original socialist economic ideas would also emerge out of the trade union movement In the wake of Marx, â€Å"Marxist† economists developed many different, sometimes contradictory tendencies. Some of these tendencies were based on internal disputes about the meaning of some of Marx’s ideas, including the ‘Law of Value’ and his crisis theory. Other variations were elaborations that subsequent theorists made in light of real world developments. For example the monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to modify Marx’s theory of capitalist development, which was based upon the assumption of price competition, to reflect the evolution to a stage where both economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations. World-systems analysis, would restate Marx’s ideas about the worldwide division of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalism’s historical development as a global system. Accordingly, Immanuel Wallerstein, writing in 1979, maintained that â€Å"There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world-system. It is a world-economy and it is by definition capitalist in form. Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world-system, neither a redistributive world-empire nor a capitalist world-economy but a socialist world-government. I don’t see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also don’t feel its institution is imminent. It will be the outcome of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms, that will take place in all the areas of the world-economy.† Meanwhile other notable strands of reformist and revolutionary socialist economics sprung up that were either only loosely associated with Marxism or wholly independent. Thorsten Veblen is widely credited as the founder of critical institutionalism. His idiosyncratic theorizing included acidic critiques of the inefficiency of capitalism, monopolies, advertising, and the utility of conspicuous consumption. Some institutionalists have addressed the incentive problems experienced by the Soviet Union. Critical institutionalists have worked on the specification of incentive-compatible institutions, usually based on forms of participatory democracy, as a resolution superior to allocation by an autonomous market mechanism. Another key socialist, closely related to Marx, Keynes, and Gramsci, was Piero Sraffa. He mined classical political economy, particularly Ricardo, in an attempt to erect a value theory that was at the same time an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy, as well that of income and economic growth. A key finding was that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists, which was in turn subject to the influence of non-economic, presumably social and political factors.